As a region with many developing countries, South Asia’s economies are all trending upward, with diverse economies and exports, like cotton in Pakistan and textiles in Bangladesh. Representing over 70 percent of the region’s GDP, the largest and most important economy in the region is India. India’s economy, already about the size of the United Kingdom’s, is on the rise. It currently ranks between fifth and seventh in the world, and according to projections from HSBC Bank, India’s economy will be the world’s third largest by 2030. Since the 1990s, when India joined the World Trade Organization and implemented economic reforms that reversed decades of trade restrictions, its per capita income has tripled and life expectancy and literacy have gone up. The country still faces challenges—namely, the need to create millions of jobs every month to prevent unemployment from rising.

India’s rise in the global economy, development of high-tech hubs, and creation of a class of sophisticated entrepreneurs tell only one side of the story. Throughout the country, poverty and inequality persist, infrastructure is lacking, and the country trails world averages in health, nutrition, and educational outcomes. India has the world’s fourth-highest number of billionaires and hundreds of millions of people in the middle class, but it is also the country with the second-largest number of people living in poverty. Although significant improvements have been made in recent years, millions of people in India still lack access to toilets, running water, and roads—a development challenge that hinders the country’s long-term growth. These internal disparities have created two Indias. Such stark inequality can limit the amount of money consumers spend, as well as overall social mobility, so that the most talented people do not always rise to the top. Concentrated wealth could also cause political instability, which could also harm the economy in the long run.

COVID-19 is projected to push nearly fifty million people into extreme poverty (living on less than $1.90 a day) in 2020, the first global increase since 1998. At greatest risk are those who live in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, two regions experiencing an unprecedented economic slowdown and where millions already live on the poverty line. Among the most vulnerable are workers in the informal economy—sectors that are neither taxed nor regulated by the government and, consequently, receive little government support in times of economic crisis. In India, the informal sector, which includes daily wage laborers on farms and short-term construction workers, makes up as much as 81 percent of the country’s economy. Many informal laborers are also domestic migrant workers who became stranded hundreds of miles away from their hometowns after the government locked down state borders. India faces the greatest single-country spike in extreme poverty—an estimated twelve million people. Its massive, 1.4 billion-person economy is projected to contract by more than 3 percent.

South and Central Asia’s diaspora plays an important role in supporting the region’s economic growth through remittances—the money migrants send home from working jobs abroad. More than 33 percent of Kyrgyzstan’s economy comes from remittances, proportionally the third-highest in the world. Tajikistan comes in fifth (29 percent), and Nepal is at number six (28 percent). In terms of dollar value, India is the top remittance recipient globally. At nearly $80 billion, India receives more than twice the amount of remittances received by any other country in the world. Many experts say remittances help reduce poverty, as the money flows directly to those in need and goes toward basic requirements such as food, shelter, education, and health care. But overreliance on remittances is dangerous for an economy. For example, Russia’s recent economic downturn disproportionately hurt Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan; one in five Tajikistanis works abroad, mostly in Russia.

The textile industry accounts for 80 percent of Bangladesh’s exports and employs 3.5 million people—mostly women. But in 2013, the industry’s darker side was revealed when more than 1,100 people died after Rana Plaza, a building that housed garment factories, collapsed. After the collapse, thirty-eight people, including the complex’s owner and other managers, were charged with murder. The astounding death toll, the deadliest in the history of the garment industry, revealed the unsafe work conditions that make possible the cheap clothing sold by retailers such as Benetton, Mango, Walmart, and Zara in the United States and elsewhere. As a result, over twenty apparel companies signed an agreement in Bangladesh with the goal of improving worker safety. However, other challenges, such as low wages, long hours, and overall poor working conditions remain unaddressed, as Bangladesh figures out how to balance its top economic commodity with the welfare of industry workers.

High-quality IT services like data processing, information security, and communications have made India the top labor source and largest operations center for international information technology (IT) companies. The IT industry is a major driver of India’s growth, expanding by billions of dollars each year and accounting for over 9 percent of the country’s GDP in 2017. This IT dominance began in the 1980s and 1990s, when the Indian government began to allow foreign direct investment and reduced tariffs on software and hardware. Furthermore, India has the second-largest number of English speakers in the world and lower labor costs than European countries, making it an attractive source of engineers and other professionals for international firms. Cities around India have boomed as a result. Major tech companies like LinkedIn have their Asia hubs in Bangalore, the Silicon Valley of India, and Hyderabad’s “Cyberabad” district is one of the largest IT hubs in the world.

Trade between South Asian countries makes up less than 5 percent of the region’s total trade. In other words, South Asian countries overwhelmingly trade with countries outside their region rather than with their neighbors. In fact, as other regions like Europe and Southeast Asia only grow more integrated, South Asian integration has stagnated. This is mostly due to Pakistan’s deep-seated mistrust of India, which has resulted in high tariffs on Indian goods entering Pakistan as well as inefficient border crossings. For example, New Delhi, India is only 250 miles from Lahore, Pakistan, but the vast majority of trade between the two cities travels through Dubai—more than 2,500 miles away. With lower tariffs and fewer restrictions at border crossings, India-Pakistan trade has the potential to grow from $3 billion to over $30 billion, but such reforms would first require greater cooperation between the two countries, an unlikely development.

Central Asian countries are growing and urbanizing after two decades of stagnation following the fall of the Soviet Union. Many are looking to export their vast energy reserves to boost their economies. But these countries desperately need investments in infrastructure, such as oil and gas pipelines, to unlock their export potential. That’s where China comes in. China has invested billions in oil pipelines in Kazakhstan as part of the Belt and Road Initiative. It’s also improving Central Asian railroads to recreate historic trade routes between Europe and Asia. As China’s hunger for energy has grown, it’s replaced Russia as Central Asia’s biggest energy market and directly benefits by improving the region’s energy infrastructure. However, such close partnership with China often comes with strings attached. Eager to receive economic assistance, Central Asian governments are less likely to speak out against China’s detention of millions of Uighur people in Xinjiang Province who share close ethnic and religious ties with Central Asians.

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), an ambitious, trillion-dollar global infrastructure development and investment plan. Many South and Central Asian countries, with growing populations but underdeveloped infrastructure, stand to benefit from China’s investment project. Pakistan, for example, is the largest single-country BRI destination, set to receive over $60 billion from China to build highways, railways, and an Arabian Sea port in the city of Gwadar. These projects could revolutionize Pakistan’s economy as well as China’s: Middle Eastern oil will eventually be transported to China through Gwadar’s port rather than the less efficient Southeast Asia routes being used currently. But BRI has its critics too. India has refused to participate, claiming that China does not necessarily respect countries’ sovereignty or follow international norms of transparency. Analysts panicked after Sri Lanka was unable to pay back a loan to a Chinese investment firm and was forced to hand over control of a port to a Chinese state-owned enterprise. China insists that it’s promoting mutual economic gain through BRI, though critics claim it is intentionally trapping developing countries in debt and emboldening authoritarian leaders around the world by conducting opaque deals that benefit a country’s corrupt politicians.